HEALTH AND IMMUNITY 2

3

Meningitis

Bacteria and virus

Fever, headache, vomiting

Droplets from one person when coughing sneezing

Isolation of patient, vaccination, medicine treatment

4

Tuberculosis

Bacteria called bacterium tuberculosis

Prolonged cough, blood stained, sputum, fever, poor appetite, weight loss, night sweat

Spread by droplets when coughing or sneezing

Vaccination, patient should cover nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing medical treatment

5

Plague

Bacteria called Yersinia pestis

Inflammation of lymph node, fever, internal bleeding, body aches, coughing and shortness of breath

Spread by fleas found on rats.

Vaccination, eliminating rats and medical treatment

6

Bilharzia                           (Schistosomiasis)

Blood flukes (Schistosoma) (flatworm)

Blood stained- faeces and urine, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, tiredness, enlarged liver and spleen

Spread by water, snails, contain parasites larvae

Killing snails, proper disposal of sewage, wearing protective shoes in water- lodged area, draining stagnant water and medical treatment

7

Malaria

Protozoa called Plasmodium

Chills, fever, sweating, vomiting, pain in joint, headache, abdominal pain.

Transmitted by female anopheles mosquito

Killing mosquito, sleeping under mosquito nets ,draining stagnant water, cutting down trees, using mosquito spray and anti-malaria drugs treatments

8

Scabies

Microscopic mites

Intense itching rashes and burning on the skin and sore on the skin.

Spread skin to skin contact at sharing clothes towel and bedding

Good personal hygiene, wash contaminated clothes on hot water and dry them in the sun, avoid sharing personal items, medical treatment

9

Rabies

virus

Fever, difficult in swallowing, restlessness, loss of feeling, vomiting, fever, and hydrophobia

Bites or saliva from infected animals, organ transplant from infected people

Vaccination kill suspected carnies immediately, medical treatment

10

Diabetes

Insulin disorder, genetic disorders, excessive body weight

Fatigue, weight loss, excessive hunger, poor healing of wounds, frequently urination

Control body weight, regular exercise, stop alcohol, and stop smoking, diet restriction, insulin injection.

11

Cancer

Abnormalities in the genetic materials result of mutation or due to carcinogens such as tobacco smoking, chemical, infections, hereditary.

Usually skin swelling (tumors), bleeding, pain, ulcers , cough, weight loss, poor appetite, excessive sweating.

Avoid getting in contact with carcinogens e.g. tobacco smoke and radiation, surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy

12

Tetanus

Bacteria called Clostridium tetanus

Affect nervous lock jaw painfully spasms

Contain with bacterium in soil

Vaccination, avoid rusting equipment, cover wound when contact with soil animal dung

13

Typhoid

Bacteria called Salmonella typhi

Vomiting, diarrhea, high fever

Contaminated water and food

Improve sanitation, general hygiene, water protection, boil drinking water, proper use of toilet, immunization treatment

14

Dysentery

Caused by bacteria called Shigella and protozoan called Entamoeba histolytica

Severe diarrhea, profuse bleeding, diarrhea of shigella is not sever

Contaminated food and water

Improve sanitation, boil drinking water, re-hydration, drugs Antibiotic

HIV/ AIDS STI’S AND STD’S

HIV AND AIDS

HIV – Is an abbreviation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS – Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

HIV and AIDS are often thought of as two separate diseases but they are not. AIDS is a disease but HIV is the virus that can cause it.

People who infected with HIV are said to be HIV [+]. Blood contain white blood cell [lymphocytes] some of it called T-helper cell. So when illness came can’t be thought off. This illness / infections are called opportunistic infections. E.g. Pneumonia, TB, and malaria. Once more serious infections enter the body a person is said to have AIDS. Although it is often said that person die of AIDS, they actually die of infections that AIDS prevents them from fighting.

TRANSMISSION OF HIV

HIV is transmitted via body fluids such as blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions, sweat, saliva, tears.

The most common ways of HIV transmission are:

1. Sexual intercourse with an infected person
2. Blood transfusion from a infected donor
3. Organ transplants from an infected donor
4. An infected mother to her child during pregnancy, birth or breast feeding
5. Using unsterilized surgical or skin piercing instruments, such as scalpels, needles and circumcision blades that have been used on an affected person
6. Sharing toothbrushes, shaving blades or nail cutter with infected person.

NOTE: HIV is not spread by casual contact such as hugging, shaking hands, or touching unless both people have bleeding wounds.

SYMPTOMS OF HIV/ AIDS

1. Loss of body weight by over 5kg two months
2. Persistent fever that lasts for longer than month
3. Painless flat hard lumps growing on the skin
4. Diarrhea for longer than a month
5. Rashes on the skin
6. White layer in the mouth and throat
7. Swollen glands, especially in the neck and armpits
8. Coughing for more than one month
9. Shortness of breath gradually getting worse
10. Genital rashes

EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS

People with HIV and AIDS get opportunistic infections and disease, for example: -

1. Chest infections e.g. pneumonia, TB
2. Brain infections leading to mental confusion, severe headache and feet
3. Stomach or gut infections leading to severe diarrhea
4. Skin cancer i.e. Kaposi sarcoma

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIV/ AIDS

1. Avoid promiscuous sex partner prostitutes, commercial sex workers (avoid irresponsible sexual behavior abstain from sexual intercourse (if not marriage) be faithful to one sexual partner, use condom during sexual intercourse
2. Wear disposable gloves when touching peoples' body fluid
3. Use sterilized instruments during surgery, circumcision and delivery
4. Only screened blood and organs should be used for transfusion and transplants
5. Go for HIV test in order to know your status and health
6. Do not share tooth brushes and shaving blades
7. People with HIV and AIDS should be given Anti—retro viral drugs (ARVS) which help them to slow down infections.
8. Pregnant women should attend pre natal clinic where they can be treated to prevent mother to child transmission
9. HIV positive mothers should not breast feed their new born babies

RISKY SITUATION, BEHAVIOUR AND PRACTICES

These are activities and situation that put us at greater risk of being infected with STIS, STDS and HIV these include: –

• Transfusion using unscreened blood
• Drinking alcohol, smoking using other drugs such as bangi, heroin and cocaine
• Having immoral friends who influence to use drug abuse, engage in sex earlier
• Having many sexual partners having unprotected sex
• Sharing sharp object and toothbrushes.

HOW TO AVOID RISKY PRACTICES BEHAVIOUR AND SITUATION

• Abstain from sex before marriage.
• Be faithful to one sexual partner.
• Do not share sharp object.
• Avoid drug abuse, learn to resist peer pressure.
• Do not accept gifts or favors from members opposite sex
• Avoid staying in dark/ privacy area during night alone
• Avoid risk place e.g. bars, night club, casino

 CARE AND SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS (PLWHA)

People with HIV and AIDS can live health life for a long time if they get proper care and support we can care for them and supported them in the following ways:

• Give them well balanced meals in adequate quantities.
• Allow them to rest when they feel unwell.
• Taking them to a health centre as soon as they start developing signs of illness.
• Provide them with ARVS, allow them to work.
• Behaving in a loving way towards them and listen them.
• Counseling them to stop behavior that worsen
• Not discriminating against them or stigmatizing
• Hiding them from the public, denying them education or health services
• Chasing them away from home
• Refuse to share utensils or rooms with them
• Care and support gives People Living With HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) hope, good health piece of mind, long life strength to work and comfort.

IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH CARE FOR STIS, STDS AND OPPORTUNISTIC DISEASES

• Discrimination leads to depression, loneliness, loss of performance at work and school.
• Early testing and treatment will help to treat or slow down the development of the infection or disease in its early stage
• Proper treatment can save life and prevent long term effects such as infertility
• Healthcare professionals can give appropriate counseling on how to manage the infections
• Testing gives peace of mind
• Proper health care reduces the chance of infecting other people.

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