SAFETY IN OUR ENVIRONMENT 2

First aid helps to rescue the victim TRUE.

You should remove bee stings, using a needle FALSE.

Before taking a snake bite victim to hospital you must first capture the snake TRUE.

It is important to reduce the rate at which poison spread in the body TRUE.

You should move a victim of electric shock using a metal object FALSE.

A person who is nose bleeding should lie down TRUE.

We can use clean water, salt and sugar to make a re-hydration drink for person who has vomited TRUE.

-          Avoid going near water bodies when its dark

-          Don’t allow children to play near the water bodies

-          Cover or fence all pools of water in the home or school

Falls

-          always walk careful

-          avoid playing dangerous games like climbing trees and walls

-          put up signs to indicate where there stairs or steps

-          do not run unnecessarily

-          wipe spilled liquids on the floor immediately

-          do not leave fruits and vegetable peels on the floor

Poisoning

-          label all containers clearly

-          store all poisonous substances in a safe lockable place when not in            use

Choking

-          do not talk while eating

-          sit up right when eating or drinking

-          eat slowly and do not take part in eating competition

-          do not give children small objects to play with as they could put                  them in the mouth

Bites and stings

-          don’t irritate animals

-          stay away from beehives and wasp net

-          cut bushes and fall grasses that could have dangerous animals

Cuts and stretches

-          store sharp tools in the safe place

-          property dispose of broken glass and empty tins

-          do not walk bare foot outside

-          do not plant thorny bushes very near

-          do not give children sharp objects to play with

Electric shock

-          switch off electrical appliance that are being used

-          do not touch electrical equipments with your hands

-          ensure all electrical appliances are properly installed

-          do not push sharp object in to electric switch

WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste: Refers to materials which are not needed.

Waste disposal: is way in which get rid of waste materials

TYPES OF WASTE

We can classify waste according to its state

1. Solid waste
2. Liquid waste
3. Gaseous waste
4. Sludge waste

Solid waste

Is a hard waste material e.g. House hold, garbage, mining waste, plastic, paper, glass, scrap metal, waste, used tires, empty cans and construction waste.

Liquid waste

Liquid waste include urine, water from bathrooms, water from kitchen after washing utensils, liquid also come from industries e.g. chemical liquid waste.

Gaseous waste

This is waste in gaseous form for example ammonia, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide gases from materials and lead from petrol in motor vehicle. Gaseous waste is a major risk factor for both acute and chronic respiratory diseases.

Sludge waste

This is a thick soft and wet waste material usually a viscous material (flowing material) e.g. human waste, industrial waste which contain between 30⁰/₀ to 70⁰/₀ water. Waste from living things is biodegradable. They can be decomposed by bacteria and other living organisms. E.g. food remain, paper and cotton clothes waste material such as plastics, glass, metal are non-biodegradable.

Waste disposal

Waste disposal refers to collection, transportation, processing, re-use and other activities that help us to get rid of waste. This helps to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, animal’s health and environment.

Basic principle of waste disposal

The principles that can help us to better manage waste, these are:

1. Reducing amount of waste we produce, for example we do not have to buy plastic bags each time we go shop we can carry a woven basket instead.
2. Re- using items instead of throwing them away for instance we can use an empty margarine container to store sugar.
3. Recycling waste materials – some waste can be changed to other product for example, broken glass can be melt and use to make new glass bottles.

                                         Importances of waste disposal

1. It helps to provide pleasing environment.
2. It eliminates or reduces bad air.
3. It minimizes the spread of infections and disease.
4. To prevent accident

Methods of waste disposal

         1. Burning

Waste such as papers, plastic, carton – boxes, empty milk packet, bread wrappers, are burnt to ashes.

         2. Burying

This is used to dispose inorganic refuse such as empty containers of insecticides, used torch batteries, broken bottles, pots, plates, cups and spoon.

Burying can take the following form

- Pit latrine

The sewage in pit is decayed by bacteria, when the pit is full it’s covered with soil and a new latrine is dug.

-Tipping and landfills

When car [truck] come and collect waste and take it to dumping site we called it tipping

Damping can be in form of a dump or landfill.

A landfill is place where solid waste buried in the ground.

         3. Animals feeds

Organic refuse such as vegetable, fruit, potato and banana peelings, cabbage, and spinach leaves are feed to goats, sheep, cattle, poultry and also pigs. Bones are dried and ground into powder which is dog food.

         4. Compost manure

After separating inorganic refuse from organic. A place of one meter deep is dug where the organic refuse is dumped to decompose, to keep away flies reduce smell and other health hazards, a thin layer of wood ashes and sock is used to cover the refuse. After the refuse decomposes, it’s used by farmer as compost manure which adds soil fertile.
 
         5. Recycling

To recycle is to turn waste materials into useful ones that can be used again. Plastic, glass, paper, metal and rubber are the items that can be recycled for example paper can be converted to tissue paper or news print paper, worn out tires can be retreated and re- used, plastic items old glass bottles can be crushed and made into new bottles.

         6. Incinerating

To incinerate is to burn something until it is completely destroyed. This process is carried out in an incinerator. Incinerator is usually done for hazardous material such as clinical waste.

         7. Garbage collection

Garbage collection in urban areas is done by local authorities, local authorities provide refuse bins which are commonly placed at strategic places in towns. Garbage disposal are through landfill and incineration.

THE EFFECTS OF POOR WASTE DISPOSAL

1. Provide breeding places for disease causing organisms. e.g. empty container after rain become breeding places e.g. mosquito, cockroaches.
2. Poor waste disposal causes air pollution result to respiratory diseases.
3. Can cause accident in home e.g. fresh peeling of fruits and vegetable, and potatoes on the floor can cause slippery and falls down breaking his/her leg, broken glass can cut people.
4. Organic wastes when decompose cause bad smell.
5. Causes epidemic diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
6. Can harm wildlife and domestic animals. E.g. when cow eat plastic bags, suffocate or block the digestive system and cause death.
7. Block of drainage system can cause flooding
8. Degrade the natural beauty of the environment.

                              

                 How to reduce waste product

1. Use cloth instead of paper to wipe surface e.g. window and furniture. It’s much cheaper in the long run and reduces the amount of waste paper in the environment.
2. Invest in a set of cloth or woven shopping bags.
3. Buy rechargeable batteries and a battery charger instead of disposable batteries.
4. Collect and use plastic container to store food.
5. Initiate awareness campaigns in your community on the proper ways of disposing waste.
6. Use plastic that can be recycled or re – used and buy products made from recycled materials

Why waste product is a problem

• People's bad habits for example dumping waste on foot paths, on the roadside and using excessive packaging for example wrapping a piece of candy to layers of plastic.
• Inadequate disposal facilities make waste disposal a problem.
• Failure by the local authorities to enforce effective punishment on those who failed to practice proper waste disposal.
• Poor infrastructure/ poor settlement planning render waste collection.                          

Why increase of waste output now today?

• Increase of population and new settlement.
• Increased consumption rate of more disposable packaging and foot waste.
• Technical advancement cause nuclear waste.